A Guide to Choosing the Right Shotgun Pellets for Waterfowl and Upland Bird Hunting


Hunting waterfowl and upland birds is a cherished pastime for many outdoor enthusiasts. Success in the field often depends on selecting the right equipment, and one crucial decision is choosing the appropriate shotgun pellets. Here, we’ll break down the best pellet types for various bird species, helping you maximize your effectiveness and ethical hunting practices.

Understanding Shot Sizes and Materials
Shot sizes are categorized by numbers, with smaller numbers indicating larger pellets. Common materials include steel, lead, bismuth, and tungsten. Each has unique properties:
- Steel: Economical and required for waterfowl hunting in many areas due to its non-toxic nature. It’s lighter than lead, so larger shot sizes are often necessary to maintain energy.
- Lead: Known for its density and effectiveness, but it’s prohibited for waterfowl hunting in many regions due to environmental concerns.
- Bismuth: Denser than steel and non-toxic, making it a great alternative for both upland and waterfowl hunting.
- Tungsten: The densest and most effective material, but also the most expensive. It’s ideal for long-range shooting.
Waterfowl Hunting
Waterfowl species include ducks and geese, each requiring different pellet sizes and materials to account for their size, range, and habitat.
- Ducks:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: #2, #3, or #4.
- Material: Steel is most common due to regulations, but bismuth or tungsten can enhance performance, especially at longer distances.
- Tips: Opt for larger shot sizes (#2) for mallards and similar-sized ducks. Smaller shot sizes (#4) work well for teal and smaller species.
- Geese:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: BB, BBB, or T.
- Material: Tungsten or bismuth provides the necessary energy to penetrate thick feathers and larger body mass. Steel can work but may require closer shots.
- Tips: Geese are tougher than ducks, so prioritize penetration power over pellet count.
Upland Bird Hunting
Upland birds vary in size and habitat, necessitating different shot sizes for effective hunting.
- Pheasants:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: #4, #5, or #6.
- Material: Lead is commonly used for upland birds where legal. Bismuth is an excellent alternative for areas with restrictions.
- Tips: Use larger shot sizes (#4) for late-season pheasants with denser feathers.
- Quail:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: #7.5 or #8.
- Material: Lead or bismuth works well. Steel is less effective due to its lower density.
- Tips: Quail are small and fast, so prioritize a wider shot pattern.
- Grouse:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: #6 or #7.5.
- Material: Lead is ideal if permitted; otherwise, bismuth offers similar performance.
- Tips: Grouse are often found in wooded areas, making quick shots and smaller pellets advantageous.
- Turkeys:
- Recommended Shot Sizes: #4, #5, or #6.
- Material: Lead is traditional for turkey hunting, but tungsten is gaining popularity for its superior range and penetration.
- Tips: Aim for dense patterns with tight chokes to target vital areas effectively.

General Tips for Selecting Pellets
- Match the Shot to the Species: Larger birds require bigger pellets to ensure ethical kills, while smaller birds benefit from higher pellet counts for better coverage.
- Consider Your Hunting Environment: Wetland areas often mandate non-toxic shot materials like steel, bismuth, or tungsten.
- Pattern Your Shotgun: Always test your chosen load and choke combination to ensure consistent patterns and adequate coverage at typical hunting distances.
- Know the Regulations: Be aware of local and federal laws regarding shot material and sizes for specific game species.
Choosing the right shotgun pellets can significantly impact your hunting success and ethical practices. Understanding the differences in shot sizes, materials, and their applications for specific birds will help you make informed decisions in the field. Whether you’re chasing mallards over a marsh or flushing pheasants in open fields, the right ammunition ensures a rewarding and responsible hunting experience.